Medicinal Mushrooms

The hygrophanous, striate appearance of the fragrant funnel, Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm.
  Credit: James Lindsey
  Source: James Lindsey's Ecology of Commanster Site

Classification

Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Class Basidiomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Tricholomataceae
Genus Clitocybe

Agaricus fragrans With.
  Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl., Edn 2 3: 307 (1792)
Clitocybe deceptiva H.E. Bigelow
  Beih. Nova Hedwigia 72: 108 (1982)
Clitocybe depauperata (J.E. Lange) P.D. Orton
  Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 174 (1960)
Clitocybe fragrans var. depauperata J.E. Lange
  Dansk bot. Ark. 6(no. 5): 56 (1930)
Clitocybe obsoleta sensu auct.; fide Checklist of Basidiomycota of Great Britain and Ireland (2005)
Lepista fragrans (With.) Harmaja
  Karstenia 15: 14 (1976)
Omphalia fragrans (With.) Gray
  Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 613 (1821)
Pseudolyophyllum fragrans (With.) Raithelh.
  Metrodiana 7(P4): 73 (1979) [1978]

Fragrant funnel
Slim anise mushroom
Slanke anijstrechterzwam (Dutch)
Clitocybe parfumé (French)
Dufttrichterling (German)

Cap: 1.5-4 cm diameter, when young flat (applanate), then shallowly infundibuloform, with margin involute when young, hygrophanous, translucently striate or not striate, sometimes with a dark brown to dark red-brown center, much paler in the outer part, other times with a less contrasting center (as depicted above), becoming pale on drying to almost whitish, but center remaining dark, or pale throughout, smooth and glabrous.
Gills: thin, crowded, up to 3 mm broad, adnate to decurrent, white.

  Credit: James Lindsey, as above.
Stem: 3-6 x 0.2-0.5 cm, cylindrical, equal, stuffed, finally hollow, light brown, smooth, white-tomentose at base, sometimes curved at base. Context hygrophanous, concolorous with cap and stem.
Smell: strong, like aniseed or Melilot (sweet clover)
Taste: indistinct.
Spore print: very pale cream to orange cream.
Habitat: in groups, often growing amongst moss, under deciduous trees on nutrient-rich soil, sometimes under coniferous trees or in juniper scrub or in calcareous grassland; summer to autumn.
Edibility: edible, but their similarity to other poisonous mushrooms suggests that consumption be avoided.

Description adapted from Noordeloos et al., 1985, p. 59

Medicinal properties
Anti-tumor effects

Polysaccharides extracted from the mycelial culture of C. fragrans and administered intraperitoneally into white mice at a dosage of 300 mg/kg inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich solid cancers by 80% (Ohtsuka et al., 1973).

Links

There's a number of pictures at Mushroom Observer
Rogers Mushrooms has pictures and a description

References

Noordeloos ME, Boekhout T, Vellinga EC, Arnolds EJM. (1988).
Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands, v. 3.
CRC Press.

Ohtsuka S, Ueno S, Yoshikumi C, Hirose F, Ohmura Y, Wada T, Fujii T, Takahashi E.
Polysaccharides having an anticarcinogenic effect and a method of producing them from species of Basidiomycetes.
UK Patent 1331513, 26 September 1973.

 

The waxycap Hygrocybe marchii (Bres.) Singer.
  Credit: Eric Steinert
  Source: Wikimedia Commons, GFDL license

Classification

Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Class Basidiomycetes
Order Agaricales
Family Tricholomataceae
Genus Hygrocybe

Hygrocybe coccinea var. marchii (Bres.) Krieglst.
  in Krieglsteiner, Ahnert, Endt, Enderle & Ostrow, Beitr. Kenntn. Pilze Mitteleur. 13: 31 (2000)
Hygrophorus marchii Bres.
  Iconographia Mycologica 7: pl. 343 (1928)
Pseudohygrocybe marchii (Bres.) Kovalenko
  Mikol. Fitopatol. 22(3): 208 (1988)

Waxy cap
Hygrophore de March (French)
Kerbrandiger Orangesaftling (German)
Aranysárga nedűgomba (Hungarian)

Cap: 2-4 cm diameter, red or orange-yellow, convex, becoming flattened or centrally depressed in age; radially fibrillose; flesh yellow.
Stem: 3-6 cm tall x 0.3-0.6 cm diameter; orange-yellow, more pallid towards the base; flesh yellow and stuffed.
Gills: adnate to decurrent, broad, distant; pallid when young, becoming more orange in age, yellowish at the edges.
Spores: hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, non-amyloid, 6-10 x 4-6 µm.
Spore print: white.
Odor and taste: not distinctive.
Edibility: inedible.
Habitat: found in small troops among short grass; late summer to fall; uncommon.

Medicinal properties
Antitumor effects

Polysaccharides extracted from the mycelial culture of H. marchii and administered intraperitoneally into white mice at a dosage of 300 mg/kg inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich solid cancers by 90% and 100%, respectively (Ohtsuka et al., 1973).

Links

Roger's Mushrooms

References

Ohtsuka S, Ueno S, Yoshikumi C, Hirose F, Ohmura Y, Wada T, Fujii T, Takahashi E.
Polysaccharides having an anticarcinogenic effect and a method of producing them from species of Basidiomycetes.
UK Patent 1331513, 26 September 1973.

Last updated: 17-Aug-2008

The wooly gomphus, Gomphus floccosus (Schwein.) Singer.
   Credit: 'leafdesigner'
   Source: UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research

Classification

Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Basidiomycota
Class Basidiomycetes
Order Phallales
Family Gomphaceae
Genus Gomphus

Cantharellus canadensis Klotzsch ex Berk.
  Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 1 3: 380 (1839)
Cantharellus floccosus Schwein.
  Trans. Am. phil. Soc., Ser. 2 4(2): 153 (1832)
Cantharellus princeps Berk. & M.A. Curtis
  Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 3 4(22): 293 (1859)
Chanterel floccosus (Schwein.) Murrill
  N. Amer. Fl. (New York) 9(3): 168 (1910)
Craterellus canadensis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Sacc.
  in Berkeley, Syll. fung. (Abellini) 6: 519 (1888)
Gomphus canadensis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Corner
  Ann. Bot. Mem. 2: 116 (1966)
Merulius floccosus (Schwein.) Kuntze
  Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 862 (1891)
Merulius princeps (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Kuntze
  Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 862 (1891)
Nevrophyllum floccosum (Schwein.) R. Heim
  Revue Mycol., Paris 19: 51 (1954)
Trombetta canadensis (Klotzsch ex Berk.) Kuntze
  Revis. gen. pl. (Leipzig) 2: 873 (1891)
Turbinellus floccosus (Schwein.) Earle
  Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden 5: 407 (1909) [1906]

Shaggy, scaly, or woolly chanterelle
Woolly gomphus

Fruiting body: 5-15 cm diameter; initially cylindrical with a sunken center, in maturity deeply depressed; cyathiform or infundibuliform; surface dry, covered with flattened, then erect and even recurved, relatively small scales, buff, yellowish to pale orange scales usually darker; flesh fibrous white; margin often undulate.
Hymenium: decurrent, made of narrow, low, blunt ridges and wrinkles that form to give rise to irregular, anastomose veins; yellow to cream.
Stem: not distinct from the hymenium, whole fruiting body stands 8-20 cm tall, width 1-3 cm at base; buff-colored, hollow from the deep trumpet-shaped pileus.
Odor and taste: mild.
Spore print: pale orange-yellow.
Spores: ellipsoid, minutely wrinkled, entire, hyaline, nonamyloid, thick-walled, 11.5-14.5 x 7-8 µm (Bigelow, 1978).
Habitat: solitary or caespitose under conifers; mycorrhizal. Fruits in summer and fall.
Edibility: edible to some, but consumption generally not advisable due to possibility of gastrointestinal upset. The compound norcaperatic acid has been isolated from this species (Miyata et al., 1966; Henry and Sullivan, 1969), and is known to cause similar delayed gastrointestinal effects (Carrano and Malone, 1967).

Apparently oblivious to these reports of toxic effects, the Khasi tribe of Northeast India regularly consume this species, which are found in abundance in the humid Meghalaya forest (Agrahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi, 2005). Whether this is possible due to reduced toxicity of a specific regional strain, or perhaps genetic resistance to the mushroom toxin is unclear. Bandala-Gonzalez and Trigos-Landa (1990) list this as an edible species.

The macronutrient content (given in gram %) of G. floccosus is as follows:

• Dry matter: 13.0
• Protein: 21.2
• Fat: 5.3
• Fibre: 9.2
• Ash: 8.0

• Ca: 1.37 g%
• P: 0.34 g%
• Fe: 22.3 mg%
• Mn: 7.04 mg%
• Cu: 3.48 mg%
• Zn: 13.0 mg%
• Na: 0.14 mg%
• K: 18.7 mg%
• Mg: 136 mg%
• Se: negligible
• Vitamin C: 25.8 mg%

Finally, for those brave (or foolish) enough to eat them, the wooly gomphus has an impressive repertoire of essential amino acids (given as µg of amino acid/100g mushroom, dry weight basis): His 12.0, Thr 17.7, Arg 13.9, Val 10.5, Met 57.2, Phe 0.2, Iso 5.0, Leu 22.7, Lys 14.3. All nutritional data is from Agrahar-Murugkar and Subbulakshmi, 2005.

This species contains the polyol mannitol (Henry and Sullivan, 1969; Dominguez 1981), an interesting compound which has seen several uses.

Bandala-Gonzalez and Trigos-Landa, in their 1990 study on mushroom species from the Cofre de Perote region (Veracruz, Mexico) report that this species tested positive for alkaloids.

Medicinal properties
Antifungal activity

In a search for antifungal components from 32 mushroom species, various extracts from G. floccosus were shown to have antiyeast and antifungal activity. Additionally, the ethanol extract showed an antifungal activity against Microsporum gypseum with a MIC of 1,000 µg/ml (Min et al., 1995). Recently, antifungal compounds known as oxylipins have been isolated and identified from the ethyl acetate fraction (Cantrell et al., 2008). The antifungal activity of the bioactive fatty acids (shown and named below) was tested against a variety of plant pathogens, including Colletotrichum fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and Phomopsis viticola. In some cases, the antifungal activity was comparable to the well-known fungicide captan.

(9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid

(9E,11Z)-13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid

(10E,12E)-9-oxo-10,12-octadecadienoic acid

Polysaccharides extracted from the mycelial culture of G. floccosus and administered intraperitoneally into white mice at a dosage of 300 mg/kg inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich solid cancers by 100% and 90%, respectively(Ohtsuka et al., 1973).

Web

Mushroom Expert

References

Agrahar-Murugkar D, Subbulakshmi G.
Nutritional value of edible wild mushrooms collected from the Khasi hills of Meghalaya.
Food Chem. 2005 89(4):599-603.

Bandala-Gonzalez E, Trigos-Landa A.
Determination of alkaloids in some mushroom species from the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico.
[Determinacion de alcaloides en algunas especies de hongos de la region del Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico.]
Micologia Neotropical Aplicada. 1990 3:41-7.

Bigelow HE.
The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas.
Mycologia. 1978 70(4):707-56.

Cantrell CL, Case BP, Mena EE, Kniffin TM, Duke SO, Wedge DE.
Isolation and identification of antifungal fatty acids from the basidiomycete Gomphus floccosus.
J Agric Food Chem. 2008 56(13):5062-8.

Carrano RA, Malone MH.
Pharmacologic study of norcaperatic and agaricic acids.
J Pharm Sci. 1967 56:1611–4.
Abstract

Dominguez XA, Guzman G, Davalos L, Guajardo TE.
Preliminary chemical study of 8 macroscopic fungi.
ReV Latinoam Quim. 1981 12:48–49.

Henry ED, Sullivan G.
Phytochemical evaluation of some cantharelloid fungi.
J Pharm Sci. 1969 58(12):1497-1500.

Homola RH.
Cantharelloid Fungi of Maine.
Maine Naturalist. 1993 1(2):5-12.

Jarvis MC, Miller AM, Sheahan J, Ploetz K, Ploetz J, Watson RR, Ruiz MP, Villapan CAP, Alvarado JG, Ramirez AL, Orr B.
Edible wild mushrooms of the Cofre de Perote region, Veracruz, Mexico: An ethnomycological study of common names and uses.
Econ Bot. 2004 58:S111-S115.

Min TJ, Kim EM, Lee SJ, Bae KG.
Studies on the screening and development of antibiotics in the mushroom: The screening of antifungal components in Basidiomycetes (I).
Korean J Mycol. 1995 23(1):14-27.

Miyata JT, Tyler VE, Brady LR, Malone MH.
The occurrence of norcaperatic acid in Cantharellus floccosus.
Lloydia. 1966 29:43–49.

Montoya A, Hernández-Totomoch O, Estrada-Torres A, Kong A, Caballero J.
Traditional knowledge about mushrooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala, México.
Mycologia. 2003 95(5):793-806.

Ohtsuka S, Ueno S, Yoshikumi C, Hirose F, Ohmura Y, Wada T, Fujii T, Takahashi E.
Polysaccharides having an anticarcinogenic effect and a method of producing them from species of Basidiomycetes.
UK Patent 1331513, 26 September 1973.

Petersen RH.
Notes on cantharelloid fungi. Part 3 Gomphus canadensis.
J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc. 1971 87(2):53-55.

Verma RN, Singh SM, Singh TGB, Bilgrami KS.
Gomphus flocculus - A new record for India.
Curr Sci. 1989 58(24):1370-1.

Last modified: 17-Aug-2008

The rooting shank, Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dörfelt.
  Source: Wikipedia Commons, GFDL license

Agaricus radicatus Relhan
  Fl. cantab., Suppl.: 28 (1786)
Collybia radicans P. Kumm.
  Führer Pilzk. (Zwickau): 117 (1871)
Collybia radicata (Relhan) Quél.
  Mém. Soc. Émul. Montbéliard, Sér. 2 5: 92 (1871)
Gymnopus radicatus (Relhan) Gray
  Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 605 (1821)
Mucidula radicata (Relhan) Boursier
 Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 40: 332 (1924)
Mucidula radicata f. marginata Konrad & Maubl.
  Flore d'Algerie, Cryptogamie 2: pl. 199 (1931)
Oudemansiella radicata (Relhan) Singer
 Annls mycol. 34(4/5): 333 (1936)
Oudemansiella radicata var. marginata (Konrad & Maubl.) Bon & Dennis
  in Bon, Docums Mycol. 15(no. 59): 51 (1985)
Xerula radicata var. marginata (Konrad & Maubl.) ined.

Rooting shank
Beech rooter

Description

Cap: 3-10 cm diameter, yellow or olive-brown; convex or campanulate, in age becoming plano-convex with broad umbo; sulcate, surface viscid but drying shiny, sometimes radially wrinkled. Flesh pallid, otherwise concolorous and thin. Margin initially incurved, later uplifted.
Gills: white, adnexed or notched, thick, broad, distant.
Stem: 5-20 cm tall x 0.3-1 cm diameter; white at the apex, becoming tinged cap color below, slender, tapering upwards, deeply rooting; ring absent; flesh white and firm.
Spores: hyaline, smooth, ellipsoid, non-amyloid, with droplets, 12-16 x 9-12 µm. See Peterson (2008) for some detailed views of various Xerula spores using electron microscopy.
Spore print: white
Habitat: typically solitary or trooping; under or near deciduous trees, especially beech, attached to roots or buried wood.
Taste: mild.
Edibility: edible.

The lipid composition of this mushroom has been analyzed (Yilmaz et al., 2006). Of note, the mushroom caps contain 42.7% polyunsaturated fatty acids (percentage of total fatty acids), most of which is linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid in humans.

Medicinal properties
Antihypertensive effects

The molecule oudenone is a fungal metabolite that was first isolated from the culture filtrate of X. radicata (as Oudemansiella radicata) (Umezawa et al., 1970). Shortly after, the structure and synthesis of oudenone were reported (Ohno et al., 1971). Oudenone is a strong inhibitor of catecholamine biosynthesis - specifically, it inhibits the enzymes phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase. The physiological effect of this enzyme inhibition is the reduction of blood pressure, the inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase in the adrenal glands in vivo, as well as the reduction of tissue catecholamine levels in the adrenal glands, heart and brain in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Nagatsu et al., 1971). The biosynthesis and cyclization mechanism of oudenone have been elaborated using feeding experiments using ¹³C and ²H labeled precursors and NMR analysis (Tsantrizos et al., 1995; Tsantrizos et al., 1999). Various synthetic schemes have been proposed for the molecule (Tsujikawa and Hayashi, 1977; Bates and Farina, 1985; Flynn et al., 1995).

The antihypertensive molecule (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2- (3H)-furylidene]- 1,3-cyclopentanedione, commonly known as oudenone.

X. radicata has been shown to contain an antibiotic named oudemansin X (shown below), which lacked antibacterial activity against various organisms tested, but showed good antifungal activity (Anke et al., 1990). Later synthetic work described the chiral total synthesis of three kinds of oudemansin X, (-)-1, (+)-1 and (+)-1; like the parent molecule, the synthetic oudemansin X (-)-1 had strong antifungal activity against several molds and yeasts. (Umezawa et al., 1995). The lack of antibacterial activity corroborates the findings of Bianco et al.  (1996).

The antifungal metabolite E-β-methoxyacrylate oudemansin X.

Antitumor effects

Polysaccharides extracted from the mycelial culture of X. radicata and administered intraperitoneally into white mice at a dosage of 300 mg/kg inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich solid cancers by 100% and 90%, respectively (Ohtsuka et al., 1973).

Web

Mushroom Expert
BioPix
Patent for the production and preparation of oudenone

References

Anke T, Werle A, Bross M, Steglich W.
Antibiotics from basidiomycetes. XXXIII. Oudemansin X, a new antifungal E-β-methoxyacrylate from Oudemansiella radicata (Relhan ex Fr.) Sing.
J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1990 43(8):1010-1.

Bates HA, Farina J.
Oxonium ion electrophiles - synthesis of the hypotensive oudenone.
J Org Chem. 1985 50(20):3843-5.

Bianco C, Ausilia M, Giardino L.
Antibiotic activity in Basidiomycetes. X. Antibiotic activity of mycelia and cultural filtrates of 25 new strains.
Allionia (Turin). 1996 34(0):39-43.

Dörfelt H.
The carpophore development of Xerula radicata (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales)
Flora 1982 172(6):533-61.

Flynn BL, Silveira CC, Demeijere A.
Selective formation of 4-ethoxy-5-methylene-2-cyclopentenones and 3-ethoxy-2-(1'-morpholinoalkenyl)-2-cyclopentenones from (1-ethoxy-3-morpholino-alkenylidene)pentacarbonylchromium complexes and terminal alkynes - a short enantioselective synthesis of the hypotensive oudenone.
Synlett. 1995 (8):812-4.

Koide T, Ozawa H.
Pharmacological analysis upon blood-pressure response to oudenone.
Jap J Pharmacol. 1976 26:P149-P.

Koide T, Ozawa H.
Pharmacological studies on blood-pressure response of oudenone, a tyrosine-hydroxylase inhibitor.
Folia Pharmacologica Japonica. 1976 72(3):P8-P9.

Koizumi S, Nagatsu T, Iinuma H, Ohno M, Takeuchi T, Umezawa H.
Inhibition of phenylalanine-hydroxylase, a pterin-requiring Mono-oxygenase, by oudenone and its derivatives.
Journal of Antibiotics. 1982 35(4):458-62.

Nagatsu T, Nagatsu I, Umezawa H, Takeuchi T.
Effect of oudenone on adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity in vivo and on tissue catecholamine concentrations.
Biochem Pharmacol. 1971 20(9):2505-7.

Ohtsuka S, Ueno S, Yoshikumi C, Hirose F, Ohmura Y, Wada T, Fujii T, Takahashi E.
Polysaccharides having an anticarcinogenic effect and a method of producing them from species of Basidiomycetes.
UK Patent 1331513, 26 September 1973.

Petersen RH, Methven AS.
Mating systems in the Xerulaceae - xerula.
Can J Bot-Revue Canadienne de Botanique 1994 72(8):1151-63.

Peterson RH.
Scanning electron microscope images of basidiospores of Xerula (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales).
Mycoscience. 2008 49:19-34.
PDF available from publisher

Ohno M, Okamoto M, Kawabe N, Umezawa H, Takeuchi T, Iinuma H, Takahash S.
Oudenone, a novel tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor from microbial origin.
J Am Chem Soc. 1971 93(5):1285-&.

Ozawa H, Koide T.
Pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2 (3h)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone).
Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1976 26(5):581-92.

Redhead SA, Ginns J, Shoemaker RA.
The Xerula (Collybia, Oudemansiella) radicata complex in Canada.
Mycotaxon 1997 30:357-405.

Sawada M, Iinuma H, Ohno M, Takeuchi T, Umezawa H, Nagatsu T.
Kinetic-analysis of the inhibition of tryptophan-hydroxylase, a pteridine-requiring monooxygenase, by oudenone and its derivatives.
Biogenic Amines. 1984 1(2):171-8.

Sakai T, Iwata K, Utaka M, Takeda A.
A convenient synthesis of hypotensive (+/-)-oudenone.
Bull Chem Soc Japan. 1987 60(3):1161-2.

Semerdzieva M, Buchalo AS, Huebsch P, Zakordonec OA, Wassser SP, Musilek V.
Comparative study of cultures of four species of the genus Oudemansiella.
Folia Microbiologica. 1988 33(2):115-120.

Tsantrizos YS, Yang X, McClory A.
Studies on the biosynthesis of the fungal metabolite oudenone. 2. Synthesis and enzymatic cyclization of an α-diketone, open-chain precursor into oudenone in cultures of Oudemansiella radicata.
J Org Chem. 1999 64(18):6609-6614.

Tsantrizos YS, Zhou F, Famili P, Yang XS.
Biosynthesis of the hypotensive metabolite oudenone by Oudemansiella radicata.1. Intact incorporation of a tetraketide chain elongation intermediate.
J Org Chem. 1995 60(21):6922-9.

Tsujikawa T, Hayashi M.
Studies on heterocyclic-compounds .7. Syntheses of oudenone and its related compounds .2.
Chem Pharm Bull. 1977a 25(12):3147-54.
PDF -open source - article here

Tsujikawa T, Nakagawa Y, Tsukamura K, Masuda K.
Studies on heterocyclic-compounds .6. Syntheses of oudenone and its related compounds .1.
Chem Pharm Bull. 1977b 25(10):2775-8.
PDF - open source - article here

Tsujikawa T, Nakagawa Y, Tsukamura K, Masuda K.
Synthesis of oudenone and its related compounds.
Heterocycles. 1977c 6(3):261-6.

Umezawa H, Takeuchi T, Iinuma H, Suzuki K, Ito M, Matsuzak M.
A new microbial product, oudenone, inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase.
J Antibio. 1970 23(10):514-&.

Umezawa I, Nozawa M, Nagumo S, Akita H.
Total synthesis of (racemic)-, (-)-, and (+)-oudemansin X.
Chem Pharm Bull. 1995 43(7):1111-8.

Yilmaz N, Solmaz M, Turkekul I, Elmastas M.
Fatty acid composition in some wild edible mushrooms growing in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey.
Food Chem. 2006 99(1):168-74.

Zou X.
Optimization of nutritional factors for exopolysaccharide production by submerged cultivation of the medicinal mushroom Oudemansiella radicata.
World J Microbiol Biotech. 2005 21(6-7):1267-71.

Last modified: 15-Aug-2008